In the present investigation the glandular trichomes on the vegetative and reproductive organs of Satureja khuzistanica were studied using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy to determine their structure, ultra structure, morphology, anatomy and development.The results revealed that there was one type protective trichome and four types of glandular trichomes include peltate, Short- stalked capitate, long- stalked capitate and conoidal trichome were found on the epiderm surface of vegetative and reproductive organs of Satureja khuzistanica.Non- glandular trichome are uniseriate, multicellular and consisting of 3 to 5 cells. Peltate trichomes in Satureja khuzistanica are two type (I, II). Type I was found on the epiderm surface of vegetative organs and type II was found on the epiderm surface of reproductive organs. Peltate trichomes consisted of basal cell, a short stalk cell (type I) or a stalk with 6 to 8 voluminous and longthy cell (type II) and a round, broad head of six to eight secretory cell arranged in a circle. Capitate trichome in Satureja khuzistanica, can be divided into two type according to the dimensions of the stalk and morphology of glandular head. Short- stalked Capitate trichomes have one basal cell, a short stalk cell with thick cutinized lateral walls and a unicellular ovoid to globoid head. Long- stalked Capitate trichomes possess one basal cell, a long two to three-celled stalk of variable length and a unicellular bulb-shaped head. Conoidal trichome consist of basal cells, a unicellular narrow stalk and a unicellular voluminous glandular head. The ultrastructure of the secretory cells of glandular trichome was charecterized by a thin wall, large and central nucleus, rich in cytoplasm contain numerous dark staining organelles and secreted substance and symplastic connection with uppermost stalk cells.

The peduncle anatomy in 35 populations, which belonged to 18 taxa of Scrophularia L., were studied. Among 37 quantitative and qualitative characters related to peduncle anatomy, several traits showed more taxonomic value for taxa delimitation, including presence of palisade parenchyma and the number of its layers, the presence of phloem fiber, the presence of bundle sheath, the presence of lamellar collenchyma at ridge location and the number of its layers, the dimensions of cross section, thickness of vascular bundle, the dimensions of pith parenchyma, thickness of xylem, thickness of parenchymatous part and thickness of lamellar collenchyma at ridge location. Finally, in comparison with the results obtained by Grau (1981), in which 12 groups have been introduced, the current study confirms the validity of 3 groups. However, for the remaining groups, no noticeable concordance was found.

The leaves of thyme are the most important organs producing essential oils, and the glandular trichomes provide a unique capacity for the synthesis and storage of active ingredients. In this study, the morphological characteristics and types of trichomes' structure were measured in four thyme species including: T. transcaucasicus, T. carmanicus, T. daenensis and T. armeniacus. The results of variance analysis indicated a significant difference between species in terms of stem length, leaf length and number, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf and stem dry weight, number of glandular trichomes on the adaxial and abaxial side of the leaf, the trichome length, and essential oil yield and percentage. T. armeniacus showed the highest trichome number; while, the highest trichome length was related to T. transcaucasicus. The highest essential oil percentage and yield were observed in T. carmanicus and T. daenensis respectively, which could be due to the greater number of glandular trichomes and leaves in these species. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that among various types of glandular trichomes, peltate glandular trichome existed in the leaf of four species examined. Positive and significant correlation coefficients between the number of glandular trichomes on the adaxial and abaxial side of the leaves with the essential oil percentage and yield indicate the role of this feature in the production of essential oil. The stepwise regression analysis, implemented for dry weight, indicated that the highest regression positive coefficient was observed for the leaf dry weight, explaining 97% of the trait variation. When the essential oil yield was assumed as a dependent variable, only the trichome length entered the model and explained 49% of the trait variation.

A comparative trichrome micromorphological study of 24 Silene species representing eight sections, was made using light and scanning electron microscopy. To check the consistency of trichome types on different parts of a certain species, micromorphological studies were focused on stem, leaf and calyx surface. Two basic types of trichomes were distinguished: glandular and non-glandular. Two different subtypes were recognized within the non-glandular type representing unbranched non-glandular and branched non-glandular trichomes. The study shows that although trichomes are not useful in delimiting Silene sections, they provide a set of reliable characters for separation of species within sections. The presence or absence of trichomes, and trichome types could be used as diagnostic character for identification of some species.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between atypical glandular cell (AGe) on Pap smear and significant pathologic finding to tailor management protocols.Methods: Between 2002 and 2005, Among 26893 Pap smears 122women with AGC Pap Smears (prevalence=0.45%) were referred to our colposcopy clinic. Forty one women underwent colposcopy directed biopsy, endocervical curettage, endometrial sampling and cervical conization to determine the cytologic and histologic correlations of AGC on pap smears.Results: A total of 122 women with AGC Pap smear were found. Only 41 women accepted to participate in the study and followed the workup procedures. The mean age of the patients was 46.92±11.48 years (range, 23-80 years). Of these patients 13 patients (31.7%) were post menopause and 28 patients (68.2%) were in reproductive age.We found 13 (31.7%) significant pathologic findings including 4 (9.7%) high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HG-SIL), 3(7.3%) low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LG-SIL), 2 (4.8%) Endometrial hyperplasia, 1(2.4%) Endometrial adenocarcinoma, 1(2.4%) adenocarcinoma of cervix, 1(2.4%) squamous cell carcinoma of cervix and 1(2.4%) papillary serous tumor of ovary. There was not any significant difference in the prevalence of significant pathologic findings and subtype of squamous or adenomatous lesions between pre and postmenopausal group.Conclusion: AGC on Pap smear was associated with a clinically significant diagnosis in approximately one third of our cases. The women with a diagnosis of AGC on cervicovaginal smear are needed to be evaluated at least with colposcopy, endocervical and endometrial curettage. Clinicians should be careful about the significance of AGC in pap smears

Large and diverse genera, such as Silene need more reliable morphological traits for the credible identification and delimitation of the species. Despite the fact that the type of indumentum among the species of Silene had been addressed in most available revisions, monographs and floristic studies, the trichome-based features and their adaptational importance have not been investigated explicitly. In the present study, the trichomes of annual species of Silene in Iran are studied. Beside other floral traits and vegetative features, the presence, distribution and mixture of the glandular and eglandular trichomes on stems, leaves, inflorescence axes, pedicels, anthophores, inner and outer surfaces of calyces, petals and styles are proved to be of diagnostic importance in Silene. Indumentum of the inner calyx among the studied species is investigated here for the first time. An identification key is performed mainly based on indumentum features. In addition, a putative trichome-based defense strategy is proposed in the examined species.

Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lacton produced by glandular secretary trichome of Artemisia annua L. plant and is used against some disease including malaria and cancer. In this study effects of exogenous applications of MeJA and SA on known trichome gene expressions in Artemisia annua were investigated with Real time PCR assays. For more information about trichome gene responses to these elicitors, microarray data of Arabidopsis trichome genes in response to them in EBI database were studied. It was observed that MeJA affect trichomes by positive effect on expression of genes involved in the formation, growth, size and orientation of trichome, and SA has negative influence on them. Furthermore, ArtemisiaTTG1 gene was introduced as an appropriate candidate for further studies for use in trichome engineering in order to increase in artemisinin production.

RubusL. genus from Rosaceae has about 750 species, from which 8 species and 5 hybrids from Iran. In this study stem, leaflet, petiole, stipule and pedicle anatomy of 7 species of the genus Rubus subgenus. Rubus is invesgitated. These species include R. sanctus, R. persicus, R. hyrcanus, R. hirtus, R. dilichocarpus, R. discolor and R. caesius. Plant samples were collected and then fixed and handmade cross-section of leave were prepared and stained with methyl green and carmine. Several slides were studies and photographed with light microscope (LM). Among studied character, five quantitative features such as shape of transvers cross section, type of glandular and non-glandular trichome, presence or absence of stalk glandular trichome, distribution of calcium oxalate crystal and thickness of cuticle were studied in separation of species. Also, five quantitative features such as number of vascular bundles, number of collenchyma layer (in stem and petiole), number of palisade and spongy paranchymatous layer (in leaflet) and presence or absence palisade paranchymatous in stipule are valuable and can be used in distinguishing species.

Leaf trichomes are essential for plant physiology, defense mechanisms, and ecological interactions. In this research, we used scanning electron microscopy to examine the leaf trichomes of 11 species in the family Heliotropiaceae, including the representative species of the genera Euploca, Heliotropium, Ixorhea, and Myriopus. Six species from Heliotropium, three from Euploca, one from Ixorhea, and one from Myriopus were examined. Our detailed results revealed various trichome types, both glandular and non-glandular, across the studied species. The results demonstrated differences in trichome morphology, density, and distribution within and across the genera. The distribution of trichomes on the leaf surface of some species is dense and sparse in others. Also, leaf trichomes vary in size and both short and long types of trichomes were observed in some species. Most trichomes have decorations on their surface and variation can be seen in their shape. Furthermore, the distribution maps of the studied species were obtained and inferred with the trichome type. This study enhances our understanding of the anatomical diversity and ecological importance of leaf trichomes in the family, providing a basis for future studies in plant biology and ecology. Furthermore, the findings underscore trichomes' diversity and potential applications in taxonomic treatments.

The objective of this study is description of different types of trichome in Boraginaceae. The foliar trichome of certain members of Boraginaceae including Anchusa ovata, Asperugo procumbens, Buglossoides arvensis, Heliotropium ellipticum, Lappula barbata, Myosotis silvatica, Onosma dichroanthum, O. microcarpum and Symphytum asperum are studied In Boraginaceae, trichome as epidermal attachments have various shapes, structure and function such as protect and support the leaf. A trichome is formed by single- or multi-celled, branched or unbranched, living or dead. Trichome as observed in Boraginaceae includes four types: a) simple unicellular short trichome (Anchusa ovata), b) bicellular simple trichome which is unbranched and cystolith commonly present at the bases of the trichome surrounded by 1-3 layeres of subsidiary cells (Asperugo procumbens, Heliotropium ellipticum), c) multicellular, which trichome is extremely large (O. microcarpum), and d) glandular, multicellular trichome consists of two or three stalk cells, and a terminal more or less spherical gland cell (Symphytum asperum).The function of trichome within Boraginaceae is also evaluated in this study. Rough trichome such as cystolith-like trichome in above-mentioned species, decreases air movement on the leaf surface and creates a zone of still air through which water vapor diffuses when moving from the leaf interior to the relatively dry air of the surrounding atmosphere. This is also avoiding transpiration losses by influencing the water diffusion boundary layer of the transpiring leaf surface. It is well known that plants from dry habitats possess progressively more pubescent leaves or densely covered with trichome (Onosma dichroanthum and O. microcarpum). In addition to directly influencing transpiration, trichomes may also indirectly influence water economy of plants through temperature regulation.